Promotions and Game Attendance: A Case Study of Collegiate Hockey in the South

Undergraduate Applie

Patent Laws of the United States and Canada: Similarities and Differences

Canada-United States Economic Ties: The Technology Context, patent law in Canada and United States (similarities and differences

Some considerations on the disease rheumatism

The term Rheumatism is one of great antiquity, going as far "back as the time of Hippocrates; and, as the name indicates, it was employed by the early authors to denote a flowing, or catarrh.From these early times, down to the present time, the term has been used to denote many and various conditions; indeed, there is probably no word in the whole, of medical nomenclature that has been so freely used and abused. The name of rheumatism, like that of gout, carries with it the impress of humoral pathology.It cannot but be admitted that the modern view defines the province of the disease with a clearness, such as never before was the case. This view dispels all that mustiness and vagueness which are part and parcel of such expressions as "constitutional", "diathesis". It does not permit the term "rheumatism" to symbolise all forms of arthritis, and all "cold" caused affections.A firmer mental grasp can be taken of this conception of the disease; it can be viewed as a composite whole. The conception of the disease in short, is more scientific.This conception is the result of further knowledge of the disease obtained by clinical and pathological study.This further knowledge combined with pathological and clinical knowledge of other diseases has resulted in the formation of the infective theory as to the etiology and pathology of rheumatism. No other theory gas yet been advanced which accounts so fully and completely for the phenomena of rheumatism. No other theory has yet been advanced which is so near to being proved.It was remarked above that many writers of text-books had placed rheumatism among the Infectious diseases, and that it marked an advance in the right direction. There is, however, still left something to be desired in the description of the disease. With many writers, acute rheumatic arthritis, or rheumatic fever, is still represented as being typically the rheumatic process. The rheumatism of childhood, or subacute rheumatism, does not get dealt with as it ought. It cannot be insisted too strongly that subacute rheumatism is as important, if not more important, than acute rheumatism.Some of the manifestations are mentioned chiefly as complications. Some show a lingering regard for pseudorheumatic affections. Even gout is described, either immediately before, or immediately after, rheumatism, by some writers.It must be remembered, however, that rheumatism is a disease of great antiquity; that it has long held a position firmly established in the medical mind, as well as the lay public mind; that traditions die hard; that allowance must be made for peculiar obstacles, beliefs, and prejudrices.If it be that rheumatism as a disease, is on the eve of being put in its proper place in Medicine, it can, truly, be said that the history of the progress of our knowledge of rheumatism affords one more instance of -"Science moves, but slowly slowly, Creeping on from point to point.

Patent Laws of the United States and Canada: Similarities and Differences

Canada-United States Economic Ties: The Technology Context, patent law in Canada and United States (similarities and differences

Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, sudden death and implantable defibrillators: a review and meta-analysis

Objective: The recent Danish Study to Assess the Efficacy of ICDs in Patients with Non-ischemic Systolic Heart Failure on Mortality (DANISH) trial suggested that implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) do not reduce overall mortality in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), despite reducing sudden cardiac death. We performed an updated meta-analysis to examine the impact of ICD therapy on mortality in NICM patients. Methods: A systematic search for studies that examined the effect of ICDs on outcomes in NICM was performed. Our analysis compared patients randomised to an ICD with those randomised to no ICD, and examined the endpoint of overall mortality. Results: Six primary prevention trials and two secondary prevention trials were identified that met the pre-specified search criteria. Using a fixed-effects model, analysis of primary prevention trials revealed a reduction in overall mortality with ICD therapy (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.91). Conclusions: Although our updated meta-analysis demonstrates a survival benefit of ICD therapy, the effect is substantively weakened by the inclusion of the DANISH trial—which is both the largest and most recent of the analysed trials—indicating that the residual pooled benefit of ICDs may reflect the risk of sudden death in older trials which included patients treated sub-optimally by contemporary standards. As such, these data must be interpreted cautiously. The results of the DANISH trial emphasise that there is no ‘one size fits all’ indication for primary prevention ICDs in NICM patients, and clinicians must consider age and comorbidity on an individual basis when determining whether a defibrillator is appropriate

Geometric stability of topological lattice phases.

The fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect illustrates the range of novel phenomena which can arise in a topologically ordered state in the presence of strong interactions. The possibility of realizing FQH-like phases in models with strong lattice effects has attracted intense interest as a more experimentally accessible venue for FQH phenomena which calls for more theoretical attention. Here we investigate the physical relevance of previously derived geometric conditions which quantify deviations from the Landau level physics of the FQHE. We conduct extensive numerical many-body simulations on several lattice models, obtaining new theoretical results in the process, and find remarkable correlation between these conditions and the many-body gap. These results indicate which physical factors are most relevant for the stability of FQH-like phases, a paradigm we refer to as the geometric stability hypothesis, and provide easily implementable guidelines for obtaining robust FQH-like phases in numerical or real-world experiments.R. R. acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. G. M. acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust under grant no. ECF-2011-565, from the Newton Trust of the University of Cambridge, and from the Royal Society under grant UF120157. This work used computational and storage services associated with the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster provided by UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education’s Research Technology Group. Part of our numerical work was performed using the Darwin Supercomputer of the University of Cambridge High Performance Computing Service funded by Strategic Research Infrastructure Funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England and funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms962